Your child’s teacher mentions something about “accommodations” at the parent meeting. Or you overhear another parent at school pickup talking about “concessions” their child received for exams. Maybe your child comes home exhausted every day after tests, saying they ran out of time or couldn’t read the questions properly.
If your child attends a DBE (public) school in South Africa, there is a formal system for this. But most parents I speak to have no idea it exists until something goes wrong.
The Department of Basic Education published an updated procedural manual in 2024, the official document schools use to process every accommodation and concession application from Grade R through to Matric. It’s thorough. It’s detailed. It was not written with busy parents in mind.
Accommodations vs concessions: what is the difference?
An accommodation changes how your child writes an exam or test. Extra time, a speech-to-text laptop, someone to read the questions aloud, a separate room. The exam content stays the same. The conditions around it shift so your child can show what they actually know.
A concession changes what your child must offer. In DBE schools, two concessions exist: exemption from Mathematics (replaced with another subject from the approved list) and exemption from a second official language (replaced with another subject from Group B). Both are governed by Regulation 16 of the NSC policy and apply mainly in the FET phase.
Most families I work with are looking for accommodations, not concessions. So that is where I will focus.
The 19 types of accommodations: a quick picture
The 2024 DBE manual lists nineteen types. Here they are, grouped by what they address:
Time management
- Additional time (5–30 minutes per hour, depending on the barrier)
- Rest breaks (5–10 minutes per hour, not counted as exam time)
Reading support
- A reader reads questions aloud to the learner
- Braille and large print material
- Enlarged print (Arial 14, 18, 24, or custom sizes)
- Transcription of Braille
Writing support
- A scribe writes answers as the learner dictates them
- Handwriting accommodation (markers don’t penalise untidy writing)
- Spelling accommodation (markers ignore phonetically-correct errors)
- Use of a computer, laptop, or tablet with assistive software
Focus and attention
- A prompter helps refocus a distracted or anxious learner with verbal or physical cues
- A separate venue (quiet, fewer candidates)
Physical and personal care
- A personal assistant for physical tasks and personal care during exams
- Specific equipment (magnifiers, specialised chairs, etc.)
- Medication and food (permission to eat or take medication during an exam)
Sensory and communication
- South African Sign Language interpreter
- Adaptation of questions (images replaced with text descriptions, simplified language for Deaf learners)
- Exemption from oral activities and assessments (written alternative)
- Oral examination (learner answers orally, recorded and transcribed)
That is a lot to take in. In practice, the ones I see most often for learning-related referrals (the barriers I assess for at my practice) are additional time, a reader, a scribe, spelling and handwriting accommodations, and a prompter.
The accommodations South African parents ask about most
Additional time
This is the most frequently awarded accommodation, and for good reason. A child with a reading difficulty, a visual impairment, ADHD, chronic pain, or any condition that slows down processing or writing speed simply cannot finish a three-hour paper in three hours.
The manual sets out time allocations by category: 5–20 minutes extra per hour for physical disabilities and specific learning disorders, up to 30 minutes per hour for visual and hearing impairments. The extra time applies to all subjects. A barrier to learning does not switch off for Maths and switch back on for English.
If your child has been getting “extra time” informally from a helpful teacher, that is kind but it is not the same as a formally awarded accommodation. Only an approved application through the District-Based Accommodations Committee (DBAC) carries weight, particularly for Grade 12 where external examiners are involved.
A reader
A reader is a trained, accredited adult who reads the exam questions to your child, word for word, without explaining, rephrasing, or hinting. The learner still does all the thinking, all the answering, and tells the reader what to read next.
This accommodation is for learners with a diagnosed reading disorder (such as dyslexia), a significant gap between their chronological age and reading age (at least three years), or a visual impairment without Braille proficiency. The reader must not be your child’s subject teacher or a family member, and a separate venue is required. A reader can also be replaced with technology, a laptop with text-to-speech and earphones or an electronic exam paper on a USB, if introduced early enough in the child’s school career.
A scribe
A scribe writes down exactly what the learner says, verbatim, with the learner dictating punctuation, spelling where required, and layout. It is for learners with severe written-expression difficulties, illegible handwriting, physical disabilities that prevent writing, or visual impairments without Braille. For language papers, the learner must spell words themselves in Paper 1 (spelling is content knowledge) but dictates freely in Paper 3 (Creative Writing). Like a reader, a scribe needs a separate venue, extra time, and cannot be a subject teacher or relative. A laptop with speech-to-text software is an alternative if introduced early enough.
Spelling and handwriting accommodations
These two are often confused with a scribe, but they are lighter-touch. A handwriting accommodation means the marker is told, via a sticker on the answer script, that the learner has illegible handwriting and should not be penalised for it. A spelling accommodation means phonetic errors are not counted against the learner, as long as the word is decipherable.
To get a spelling accommodation, the manual requires evidence of a diagnosed specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression, or a three-year gap between spelling age and chronological age. A psychoeducational assessment is the standard way to provide this evidence.
The DBE distinguishes between a language barrier and a learning disorder. A spelling accommodation is not granted if the primary difficulty is that the language of assessment is not the child’s home language.
A prompter
This is for learners who drift off during exams: children with ADHD, anxiety disorders, or autism who struggle with attention, focus, and organisation. The prompter gives short verbal cues like “focus on your work” or “take a deep breath,” or physical cues like a tap on the desk. They cannot help with answers. They cannot explain questions. They simply bring the learner back to the page.
What is a concession (and who qualifies)
The manual lists two concessions, both governed by Regulation 16 of the NSC:
- Language exemption: learners who are Deaf, have aphasia, or have a specific language disorder may be exempted from offering a First Additional Language. They replace it with another subject from Group B.
- Mathematics exemption: learners diagnosed with dyscalculia or a severe mathematical learning disorder may be exempted from Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy, replacing it with another approved subject. This application must be submitted when the learner enters Grade 10, or immediately after diagnosis.
Both concessions go through the Provincial Director: Exams and Assessment, not just the district committee. The paperwork is heavier, and the bar is higher.
How the process works: from classroom to committee
This is the part that confuses parents most. The DBE system has layers, and each layer has an acronym:
Your child’s teacher identifies the barrier (or you do, and you raise it with the teacher). The teacher completes the SNA 1 and SNA 2 forms from the SIAS policy. These document what the difficulty is, what support has been tried, and what is being requested.
The School-Based Support Team (SBST) reviews the case. This is a group of teachers and staff at your child’s school. They look at teacher reports, work samples, school reports, and any psychological, medical, or therapeutic assessment reports you provide. They fill in Form DBE 124, which lists the specific accommodations requested, and Form DBE 120, which sends the application up to the district.
The District-Based Accommodations Committee (DBAC) decides. For Grades R–9, the DBAC has the final say. For Grades 10–12, the DBAC makes a recommendation and sends it to the Provincial-Based Accommodations Committee (PBAC) and the Provincial Director: Assessments and Examinations for final approval.
The decision comes back to the school, where it is captured on SA-SAMS and added to your child’s Individual Support Plan (ISP). From that point on, the accommodation applies to all school-based assessments and exams, not just one subject.
The accommodation process starts with a conversation between you, the teacher, and the School-Based Support Team.
The manual says the whole process should take no more than three months from application to decision. In reality, it can take longer if documentation is incomplete or if the district has a backlog. This is why starting early matters.
What you as a parent can do right now
If any of this sounds like your child, here is where to start:
Talk to your child’s teacher. Ask directly: “Has an SNA 1 been completed? Has the SBST discussed this case?” Sometimes the school knows about the difficulty but hasn’t started the paperwork. A parent asking the question can be the nudge that gets it moving.
Get a psychoeducational assessment. This is the strongest evidence you can bring to an SBST meeting. As a registered Educational Psychologist (HPCSA Reg. No: PS 0158127), I assess exactly the areas the DBAC looks at (reading age, spelling age, processing speed, written expression, attention) and produce a report the school can attach to the application. Without it, the committee is working blind.
Keep a paper trail. Save report cards, teacher comments, and samples of your child’s written work. The manual requires formal work samples (not drafts or mind maps) as supporting evidence. Three years of evidence is stronger than one term.
Don’t assume the school will handle everything. I have met parents who assumed the SBST was on top of things, only to discover in Grade 11 that no application had ever been submitted. Ask for updates. Ask to see the Form DBE 124. Ask what the DBAC decided.
If your child is in Grade 7, make the handover happen. The manual requires that accommodation records follow the learner from primary to secondary school. Ask the primary school SBST to send the file.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between an accommodation and a concession in DBE schools?
An accommodation changes how your child writes an exam. Extra time, a reader, a scribe, a separate venue. A concession changes what your child must offer for their NSC, such as being exempted from Mathematics or a second official language. Accommodations are more common; concessions apply to a smaller group of learners with specific language or maths barriers.
Does my child need a psychoeducational assessment to get DBE accommodations?
Yes. A registered psychologist’s or healthcare professional’s report is core supporting evidence for most applications. The school compiles this together with teacher observations, school reports, work samples, and SIAS documentation before submitting to the District-Based Accommodations Committee.
When should we apply for DBE accommodations or concessions?
For Grades R–9, applications are processed at district level through the DBAC and should be submitted as soon as the barrier is identified. The earlier the better. For Grades 10–12 (the FET band), the Provincial-Based Accommodations Committee must approve applications, and the process needs to be finalised preferably by the end of June of the Matric year. A psychoeducational assessment alone takes 2–3 weeks, so don’t wait until the last term.
Can my child’s school just give extra time informally?
A kind teacher may give your child a few extra minutes during a class test, but that carries no weight for formal assessments, progression decisions, or the NSC. Only an accommodation approved by the DBAC (or PBAC for Grades 10–12) is officially recognised. Without it, your child writes Matric under standard conditions, regardless of what happened in class.
If this sounds familiar
The DBE system is not perfect. I won’t pretend it is. But it does exist, and knowing what is available is the first step toward getting your child the support they need under the law.
If you are wondering whether your child might qualify for DBE accommodations, a full psychoeducational assessment can provide the diagnostic evidence the committee needs. And if the barrier turns out to be a reading or spelling difficulty, dyslexia intervention can begin alongside the application. You don’t need to wait for a DBAC decision before starting support.
One last thing: this article covers DBE (public) schools. If your child attends an IEB school, the rules are different. I have written separately about IEB concessions and accommodations, the process, the deadlines, and what the IEB panel looks for.
You know your child better than any committee ever will. If your gut says something is getting in the way of their learning, trust that instinct. Get in touch. I am happy to talk through what you are seeing and whether an assessment makes sense.
References
Department of Basic Education (2024), Procedural Manual for the Assessment and Examination of Learners Who Experience Barriers to Assessment from Grade R to 12: Accommodations & Concessions. Sol Plaatje House, Pretoria. http://www.education.gov.za